This page was produced as an assignment for Genetics 677, an undergraduate course at UW-Madison.
Genomic Sequence Homology
To elucidate the evolutionary history of the human GRM7 gene, candidate orthologs and paralogs were identified. To identify candidate orthologs, "GRM7" was queried on the homologene website. Additionally, candidate orthologous genes were inferred using a BLAST search on Wormbase and FlyBase for proteins similar to the human GRM7 isoform a protein, and then finding the gene corresponding to the protein. Candidate orthologs of the human GRM7 gene were found in animals ranging from nematodes to fruit flies to mice. No candidate orthologs of the GRM7 gene were found in plants or bacteria, perhaps because, unlike animals, these organisms do not have a nervous system, and therefore, would not need a neurotransmitter receptor like the GRM7 protein.
Candidate paralogs of the human GRM7 gene were identified by searching the GRM7 isoform a protein sequence against RefSeq protein on the BLAST human sequences website, and then finding the corresponding genes. Not suprisingly, candidate paralogs of the GRM7 gene include the entire family of GRM genes. Two other genes, CASR and TAS1R2, were also identified as candidate paralogs through protein similarity using the BLAST human sequences website. Whether these genes truly represent paralogs remains uncertain; however, they will be included in all analyses involving homologs of GRM7 conducted for this project.
Orthologs of Genomic Sequence
Table 1. Candidate orthologs of the GRM7 gene. For each candidate orthologous gene, the table gives the organism in which it is found, the name of the gene, the accession number (with a link to the GenBank entry for that gene), the GI number, the size of the gene, and where in the genome of the organism the gene is located (Entrez Gene, 2008 and 2009).
Organism |
Gene
Name |
Gene
Accession Number |
GI Number |
Gene Size |
Chromosomal Location |
Homo
sapiens (human) |
GRM7
glutamate receptor, metabotropic 7 |
89161205 |
880291 bp |
3p26.1-p25.1 |
|
Pan
troglodytes (chimpanzee) |
GRM7
glutamate receptor, metabotropic 7 |
114796132 |
896724 bp |
3 |
|
Mus musculus (mouse) |
Grm7
glutamate receptor, metabotropic 7 |
149361431 |
921633 bp |
6 E3 |
|
Rattus norvegicus (rat) |
Grm7
glutamate receptor, metabotropic 7 |
62750804 |
317886 bp |
4q42 |
|
Canis lupus familiaris (dog) |
GRM7
glutamate receptor, metabotropic 7 |
74033247 |
777181 bp |
20 |
|
Gallus gallus (chicken) |
GRM7
glutamate receptor, metabotropic 7 |
118135638 |
204694 bp |
12 |
|
Danio rerio (zebrafish) |
zgc:158329 |
189908152 |
45093 bp |
11 |
|
Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) |
mgl-1 Metabotropic Glutamate receptor family |
193211360 |
5774 bp |
X |
|
Drosophila
melanogaster (fruit fly) |
mGluRA metabotropic glutamate receptor |
116010290 |
9984 bp |
102C5-102C6 |
Paralogs of Genomic Sequence
Table 2. Candidate paralogs of the GRM7 gene. For each candidate paralogous gene, the table gives the name of the gene, the accession number (with a link to the FASTA format sequence for that gene), the GI number, the size of the gene, and where in the human genome the gene is located (Entrez Gene, 2009).
Gene
Name |
Gene
Accession Number |
GI Number |
Gene Size |
Chromosomal Location |
GRM7
glutamate receptor, metabotropic 7 |
89161205 |
880291 bp |
3p26.1-p25.1 |
|
GRM1 glutamate
receptor, metabotropic 1 |
89161210 |
408316 bp |
6q24 |
|
GRM2 glutamate
receptor, metabotropic 2 |
89161205 |
9666 bp |
3p21.1 |
|
GRM3 glutamate
receptor, metabotropic 3 |
89161213 |
220963 bp |
7q21.1-q21.2 |
|
GRM4 glutamate
receptor, metabotropic 4 |
89161210 |
111816 bp |
6p21.3 |
|
GRM5 glutamate
receptor, metabotropic 5 |
51511727 |
540213 bp |
11q14.2-q14.3 |
|
GRM6 glutamate
receptor, metabotropic 6 |
51511721 |
16797 bp |
5q35 |
|
GRM8 glutamate
receptor, metabotropic 8 |
89161213 |
804654 bp |
7q31.3-q32.1 |
|
CASR calcium-sensing
receptor |
89161205 |
102813 bp |
3q13 |
|
TAS1R2 taste
receptor, type 1, member 2 |
89161185 |
20063 bp |
1p36.13 |
References
Entrez Gene. (2008). GRM7 glutamate receptor, metabotropic
7 [Canis lupus familiaris].
Retrieved February 27, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=484674
Entrez Gene. (2008). mgl-1 Metabotropic GLutamate receptor family [Caenorhabditis elegans].
Retrieved February 27, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=191707.
Entrez Gene. (2009). calcium-sensing
receptor [Homo sapiens].
Retrieved February 28, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=search&term=37577159[PUID]&RID=UKA0ZMG6016&log%24=genetop&blast_rank=14.
Entrez Gene. (2009). glutamate
receptor, metabotropic 1[Homo sapiens]. Retrieved February 28, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=search&term=166999098[PUID]&RID=UKA0ZMG6016&log%24=genetop&blast_rank=13.
Entrez Gene. (2009). glutamate
receptor, metabotropic 2 [Homo sapiens]. Retrieved February 28, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=search&term=66529100[PUID]&RID=UKA0ZMG6016&log%24=genetop&blast_rank=8.
Entrez Gene. (2009). glutamate
receptor, metabotropic 3 [Homo sapiens]. Retrieved February 28, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=search&term=46358417[PUID]&RID=UKA0ZMG6016&log%24=genetop&blast_rank=7.
Entrez Gene. (2009). glutamate
receptor, metabotropic 4 [Homo sapiens]. Retrieved February 28, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=search&term=4504141[PUID]&RID=UKA0ZMG6016&log%24=genetop&blast_rank=5.
Entrez Gene. (2009). glutamate
receptor, metabotropic 5 [Homo sapiens]. Retrieved February 28, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=search&term=4504143[PUID]&RID=UKA0ZMG6016&log%24=genetop&blast_rank=10.
Entrez Gene. (2009). glutamate
receptor, metabotropic 6 [Homo sapiens]. Retrieved February 28, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=search&term=110611176[PUID]&RID=UKA0ZMG6016&log%24=genetop&blast_rank=6.
Entrez Gene. (2009). glutamate
receptor, metabotropic 8 [Homo sapiens]. Retrieved February 28, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=search&term=187960067[PUID]&RID=UKA0ZMG6016&log%24=genetop&blast_rank=3.
Entrez Gene. (2009). GRM7
glutamate receptor, metabotropic 7 [Gallus gallus] . Retrieved February 27, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=416112.
Entrez Gene. (2009). GRM7 glutamate receptor, metabotropic
7 [Homo sapiens].
Retrieved February 27, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=2917.
Entrez Gene. (2009). Grm7
glutamate receptor, metabotropic 7 [Mus musculus] . Retrieved February 27, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=108073.
Entrez Gene. (2009). GRM7 glutamate receptor, metabotropic
7 [Pan troglodytes].
Retrieved February 27, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=460140.
Entrez Gene. (2009). Grm7 glutamate receptor, metabotropic
7 [Rattus norvegicus].
Retrieved February 27, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=81672.
Entrez Gene. (2009). mGluRA metabotropic
glutamate receptor [Drosophila
melanogaster]. Retrieved
February 27, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=43838.
Entrez Gene. (2009). taste receptor,
type 1, member 2. [Homo sapiens]. Retrieved February
28, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=search&term=112789566[PUID]&RID=UKA0ZMG6016&log%24=genetop&blast_rank=15.
Entrez Gene. (2009). zgc:158329 zgc:158329 [Danio rerio] . Retrieved February 27, 2009, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=565450.
Jennifer Wagner
[email protected]
Updated February 27, 2009
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